Greetings!
You're right--"the federal budget" is a VERY broad topic. :-) Without having seen your instructions, I'm not really sure what your professor wants. I can, however, make a few suggestions. If they are similar to your instructions, maybe they'll help.
You could try focusing on just one area of the budget (Social Security, for instance, or foreign economic aid). You can probably find the information you need on appropriations and spending by doing an Internet search. I'd use terms like "budget", "United States", and "appropriations." Government web sites might be particularly helpful.
You can also see what your college library has to offer. Your library database should have journal articles on specific areas of the budget. A librarian should be able to help you find what you need. (Books and periodicals could help as well.)
Sometimes seeing what's available in a broad area can help you choose a more narrow topic. You might find something that you find interesting. Ask yourself questions if you have an area of interest: "Does the government fund Artic wildlife research? What percentage of the total budget goes for Medicare payments? Does the United States spend more on undersea programs or the space program?" These are just a few topics; I'm sure you can think up many more.
When all else fails, ask your professor for more details. :-) That's usually the best way to find out exactly what to do.
Thanks, and good luck!
Sarah
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Sarah, EssayForum.com