Good afternoon.
Contractions are words like "can't," "won't" and "don't." You identify them by the apostrophe used, and the fact that they are a combination made up of two words with some of the letters removed. For instance, "can't" is a contraction of "cannot." You can avoid them by using the full length of the word. Instead of "I can't do it," you would write "I cannot do it" or "I am unable to do it."
Contractions should be avoided at all times in formal academic writing pieces; they are informal and inappropriate, and many professors will count down for their use.
I hope this answers your question.
Regards,
Gloria
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Gloria, EssayForum.com