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This is the 3rd of a comprehensive six part paper on policy for a public administration class. Here I am expected to add parts to a reflective 5000 word summary of my findings. Is there a way to judge and revise this paper by Sat?
Policy Implementation and Evaluation
Evaluate how the public policy issue you are exploring was designed to produce expected results
If someone from the store was to analyze the policies of the Pointes as it relates to the ability to maintain the store as a presence for both communities, several considerations of note take precedence. Customer relationship scores are typically lower at the store, and a lack of persistence and engagement among employees with customers is always seen. Customer complaints about being ignored, well-heeled customers demanding attention for their time when the store has limited resources. Even though the store gains tax breaks, hires disproportionate job seekers, and contributes to the communities and business supporting it.
Head managers, and industry experts are challenged by environmental, political and tax governmental regulations. The community and company agree that the Single Business Tax in Michigan, that imposes a flat tax on salaries and capital, and usage taxes for online sales, should be abolished. A lack of quick fixes and rapid response to uncertainties lead to frequent turnover, a lack of a stable employee base and limits the trust and dependency the company has within the community. . Managers must learn to deal effectively with multiple cultures and political systems in the midst of rapidly changing markets and technology. They must be able to anticipate this changing environment and develop the vision and competencies at all levels in their organizations to embrace this dynamic future. In the same context, the Grosse Pointe Master Plan refers to its community as tight-knit, and refers to development as 'properly managed with appropriate screening and access control...proximity may have a negative impact on adjacent residential uses and land value" (Grosse Pointe) A balance of small scale stores and service/office uses is limited by the lack of space on Mack Ave. Policy limits frontage, facades and streetscapes within approved guidelines to maintain the character of the community. The city encourages businesses without noise and ambient traffic, (i.e. gas stations), and welcomes rear entrances. Parking in most areas is relegated to the rear of many small businesses like doctor offices, craft shops, specialty shops, and other businesses. Parking buffers, landscaping and private alleyways restrict residential interaction.
Customers and private citizens who regard their communities and public institutions as private entities face the risk of alienating or appearing as not responsive to the needs, values and systems of alternative views. This is the dilemma faced by Grosse Pointe, an inner ring suburb bordering an increasingly declining Detroit, whose last vestige of secure neighborhoods is fading upon the border. Many customers at the store encompass small business, home office, and professionals who typically are more affluent in GP, and provide a majority of the return for the company, from personal estimation. This disparity results in the need for city residents to have available facilities near home or work, and that of suburbs wishing to enhance tax base, retain small town feel, and enjoy the benefits of a diverse customer base. As a result of the dynamics of how Detroit's government changes, Grosse Pointe's will as well- being that the auto industry remains a large contributor to the local economy. Customers, clients and caveats are all the same, they advocate a return on investment. Public administrators and urban planners share the notion that government should support reinvestment in communities. Many local governments now support hotels, shopping centers, and retail developments as part of growth strategy. Investment in neighborhoods helps retain residents through property tax breaks, encourage maintenance of existing businesses, and help ancillary businesses revolve around major entities. Employees and customers expect to be treated fairly under the law. Businesses aim to subscribe to the benefits and breaks entitled to it. Governments have established enterprise zones to implement policy towards re development, and because of regional growth, have embraced bridge building programs across communities to stimulate community development. Costs associated with this revenue growth involve internal controls and transparency. All public books of the city are available, and the Master Plan proposes gradual growth for the city.
Explain how the policy you will affect various stakeholders in the local government in the area where your work is located
Four categories show how local enterprises are made by local governments: (a) direct public ownership of economic enterprises, (b) retained ownership of public property leased to private-sector actors, (c) public equity holdings in private enterprises, and (d) other nontraditional public enterprise activities that provide public profits, but that involve only short-term public ownership. (Imbrosia, D. 1995).
As part of economic development activity, local governments are tuning in to local public enterprises, comprised of entities that provide jobs, stimulate the tax base of communities and regions, and help stabilize functioning communities. From the perspectives previously mentioned, the community of Grosse Pointe has a Staples store near its Detroit border of most affluence. Once part of a stabilized community including police, fire and other officials within its borders, the neighborhood has changed. Now qualified for community development grants to stabilize the area, Staples, located in proximity to Detroit, but serving a diverse audience, faces public policy issues in its relationship to customers, accessibility to bus lines and public transportation, coexistence with local community initiatives, and adherence to federal, state and local regulations.
A handful of states are taking a new look at an old, often-criticized business tax to thwart what they say are too many companies avoiding their fair share of taxes. "Between the tax planning and all the credits and everything the states have done to stimulate economic development, even though profits are running high, the effective corporate rate is declining," said Harley Duncan, executive director of the National Federation of Tax Administrators. (myway.com 2007)
The states also hope to increase revenue to improve schools, create jobs, provide health care for the poor and pay for other essentials of government spending. The burden to the local community is immense in the eyes of the community. The burden on roads through increased traffic, police for protection and public services all vie for more of the city's time for these larger retail establishments. An impact analysis would have to include the cost on public services, infrastructure, the quality of jobs created, the effect on existing small businesses and vacancy rates. Shareholders affected by the study of making a bedroom community more open and attractive to business growth include not only the local citizens, but the business owners who may live elsewhere, relationships between intergovernmental bodies, such as cooperation among police departments and fire departments. Also, the responsiveness and accessibility of publicly funded services to all members of the area is related to the accountability local providers have to follow specific guidelines. At Staples, for example, an active visual and undercover police presence exists at the store from officers of both communities. The company has locked merchandise as low as $10 in glass cases, and concealed ink cartridges for sale in acrylic boxes, in an attempt to stop shoplifting. Other stores deeper within the area maintain vigilance with assistance and do not have such restrictions on availability of merchandise. Video surveillance is on the clock 24 hours, and parking lots are scanned annually for potential insurance or other violations.
This business driven organization utilizes various functions of separate entities, supported by apportionment, funding and business interests. Yet a body such as this lacks a functional tax financing scale, dedicated millage or special assessments to get funding passed. This is where the public right becomes involved when citizens petition to have certain regulations enforced.
The recent voter approved Proposition 2 banning affirmative action in government hiring and university admissions will reshape the labor force as well as the communities comprised of college graduates. Changes in 8 of 45 Michigan programs include Minority and Women Owned Businesses, Minority Student Grants, and the Single Business Tax. A current dispute is whether federal funding allows agencies shelter from implications of the proposal. The responsibility of markets assumes that government intervention only encourages the stimulation of business. Now, governments are getting into the act, and forging partnerships to create development in consortium, often to receive breaks available through other associations and means. The idea here is each one, reach one. Understanding where you come from and knowing how to apply what your have learned into making positive changes in your community is the key. Within the limits of the law there are cases in which a person can find assistance from a number of agencies. The information highway has allowed more people to have a voice, and has made forms, blogs and web sites expand the social contract. What they have done is galvanized community support from faith based institutions, private organizations and community leaders into a plan of action for areas. Larger companies are receiving significant tax breaks to develop areas. Brownfield credits that suppress pollution, historic preservation tax credits are giving new life into areas, and building of these new facilities around other city projects like repaved streets, built schools and shopping areas are the new trend. What the city is doing in the housing boom is giving private agencies money partially financed by the govt to rebuild infill housing and tearing down old structures. Comerica says its only taking 200 senior executives to Dallas, and 7400 jobs will remain. But if the company is realizing 40% of its growth potential Southwest, soon the rest of the company may follow. Detroit's bad image problem has led to many recruiters selling people on the city if they already have ties here, dependent on the auto industry, or are in tech or science industries. The disparity between the central city and the suburbs is making it hard to justify paying the cost of commuting, and those who are used to vibrant downtowns and city services are finding that there are stark differences here only apparent in some other cities like Washington. But because that city is really 2 govts within one, large companies can locate there with the support and services of the govt.
Here, if a large company wants to develop, it has to be given large tracts of land, access to freeways, and sometimes commit to hiring people from the city. Often those with education, good transportation, and seeking good schools may locate here, but choose to live elsewhere. The profit potential is eclipsed by the lack of good transit, people who pay property taxes in the suburbs, and those who send their children to school elsewhere. This impacts dollars in city coffers, reduces federal funding for education, and provides jobs to people who more often that not are qualified, but increasingly live further away from the job. Detroit is in desperate mode, and attracting businesses is done with the island approach- create sectors in which there are a number of institutions under the same mantle. Loosely organized, static businesses are not doing so, and the neighborhoods stay the way they are.
Evaluate factors and conditions that positively and negatively influence the utilization of the public policy issue that you are exploring
Enterprise zones are a good way to ensure that benefits outweigh the costs of redevelopment in many areas, particularly distressed central cities. In the city of Detroit, state tax credits allowed developers to build 12 new homes near the river, some costing $1 million each. The director of project development in a recent plan, Dennis Nowak says: "The city has just been superb. I'd have figured two years (in the suburbs)." Creative financing and tax incentives allowed the 'empowerment zone' to account for 1.4 billion of 3.9 billion in residential developments over the last 13 years of the program.
Enterprise zones bridge the gap between what conventional investors and lenders will pay and what the job costs. A compendium of banks, block grants, and city financing have allowed market rate projects to flourish even in stagnant economic times. The layering of state, local and federal deals and incentives encourage the mixed use projects such as retail/ restaurants/ and residential that facilitate building of whole new neighborhoods. The potential exists for government to influence behavior in local economies by the concepts of scarcity and incentives, of which both communities flourish in. Once environmental, anti trust, worker safety, social issues are dealt accordingly, the benefits outweigh the costs. So once supply is abundant for both people in the community, Staples has been able to expand and prosper, allowing a store achieving fantastic results to coexist with a chain store within 5 miles proximity. The benefits in jobs, subsidies, credits for both the employer and employee are factored in, the equilibrium price for the product and the demand remain constant as the community is struggling to maintain its exclusivity and attract customers who subscribe to both government help policies or are contributors to community planning initiatives through associations with businesses and services.
When investments fall short there is gap financing from investment funds often sponsored by agencies developed by local governments or funded in part by the state or local chambers of commerce. There are also historic tax credits, and environmentally friendly brownfield incentives. Now that the empowerment zone (federal) has expired as of 2004, local (Detroit) and state governments (Michigan) have created similar Enterprise Zones and Renaissance Zones that allow waivers fro lower property taxes, single business tax, personal and local income taxes. This encourages people to rehab their homes, stay in certain areas, encourages businesses to relocate and develop within an area, and the development of ancillary businesses that support major industry. As a result of the policy, new real estate sales have increased from 3600 to 6800 within the last five years, and sales volume has increased from 280 to 500 million dollars in the city alone.
As part of the US Constitution, all rights not expressly reserved to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people. Therefore, when the location comprising Staples was converted from a Social Security Office, the land had to pass local zoning edicts of the city of Grosse Pointe. The local city had been established as an old ring suburb, home to a bedroom community of many workers of Detroit's established industry. Now that Detroit has established the Next Detroit Initiative, the focus is on reclaiming areas of the central city with spur developments that originally served to bridge city and suburb. With demographic shift, the elimination of residency requirements for city workers, and destruction of once proud neighborhoods, public policy relates to my position, my residency, and the overall growth and development in communities I help prosper. Roughly the affluent community supplies more buyers in bulk from the company, from self observation. Customers who own small or home office businesses (SOHO) are more apt to shop with Staples because the store is in close proximity, as opposed to supporting businesses within their area. Detroit has suffered a decline in ancillary businesses and has struggled to attract development within the region. The region suffers from the most polarization, some studies suggesting that the region is the most polarized in the country between black and white, some 89% of Detroiters being African American, yet not able to realize economic revitalization on a massive scale due to the size of the city, pockets of despair, and people moving out to better neighborhoods and beyond.
For example, policy that supports the elimination of the Single Business Tax in Michigan, and promotes elimination of social services would be optimal in an affluent community. However, for employees, benefits that arise from Work Opportunity Credits or that allow people to work and receive public assistance, mandate a shifting focus between what the employer is mandated to allow and what can be derived from private support. The store invests heavily in the local school system, provides benefits for teachers, and realizes return on investment from the number of businesses in the area that depend on the store for supplies. Local governance employs zoning laws to limit the growth of sprawl. Like other communities on Money's list of best places to live, Farmington Hills, Livonia, and Sterling Heights are other areas that are historic inner ring suburbs that have through constancy, attrition, and stability have managed to retain character, a lively property tax base and stable of businesses, and cooperative relationships with the larger cities that border them and were once a locus of control.
Government intrusions into personal life give rise to regulations that succumb all to taxpaying, but share benefits are realized through maintenance of roads, utilities and other services. GP gets its roads, and sewage treated by Detroit and Wayne County, thus even though wealth is disproportionate in the area, technology has closed the gap between what is allowable across economic strata. The best way to measure govt is by its annual expenditures on purchase of goods, transfer of income to people, and other entities, and interest payments. Such a selective area prefers to live in freedom as a state of mind and declining income, school enrollment all affect future growth.
As mentioned before, citizens share a need to be absolved from debt, and be able to afford the luxuries that life has to offer. Tax rates that shield the rich from inordinate fees and expenses, and availability of deductions or grants allow those struggling to provide or create a means of contributing to the success of their communities. Unfortunately, as mass production, retooling and shifting focus on priorities led many residents and businesses out of central cities, inner ring suburbs early on began to develop shopping centers and plazas to attract customers in both regions. As the schism between city and suburb widened, some larger metropolises retained the character, neighborhoods, historic areas, and development in central cities. The minority or marginal worker began to locate in specific neighborhoods, or inner ring suburbs in the outskirts of cities like New York, Boston and Chicago. Detroit suffered an unusual fate: its public policy was once known as the Paris of the Midwest. One time products created by the city were the rival of the world, as the years progressed, survival dependent on fortunes in shipping, lumber, stoves, and cars. Now that the last vestige of the Industrial Revolution has subsided, the area has not planned for the catastrophic change resulting from the center of power shifting along with demographics.
Customers in Michigan are protected by several interest groups that protect the rights of consumers. The Federal government has rai
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